std::vector<T,Allocator>:: back

Returns a reference to the last element in the container.

Calling back on an empty container causes undefined behavior .

Parameters

(none)

Return value

Reference to the last element.

Complexity

Constant.

Notes

For a non-empty container c , the expression c. back ( ) is equivalent to * std:: prev ( c. end ( ) ) .

Example

#include <cassert>
#include <vector>
 
int main()
{
    std::vector<char> letters{'a', 'b', 'c', 'd'};
    assert(letters.back() == 'd');
}

See also