std:: codecvt

From cppreference.com
C++
Localization library
std::codecvt
Defined in header <locale>
template <

class InternT,
class ExternT,
class StateT

> class codecvt ;

Class template std::codecvt encapsulates conversion of character strings, including wide and multibyte, from one encoding to another. All file I/O operations performed through std:: basic_fstream < CharT > use the std :: codecvt < CharT, char , std:: mbstate_t > facet of the locale imbued in the stream.

cpp/locale/codecvt base cpp/locale/locale/facet std-codecvt-inheritance.svg

Inheritance diagram

Specializations

The standard library is guaranteed to provide the following specializations (they are required to be implemented by any locale object ):

Defined in header <locale>
std :: codecvt < char , char , std:: mbstate_t > identity conversion
std :: codecvt < char16_t , char , std:: mbstate_t >
(since C++11) (deprecated in C++20) 		conversion between UTF-16 and UTF-8
std :: codecvt < char16_t , char8_t, std:: mbstate_t >
(since C++20) (deprecated) 		conversion between UTF-16 and UTF-8
std :: codecvt < char32_t , char , std:: mbstate_t >
(since C++11) (deprecated in C++20) 		conversion between UTF-32 and UTF-8
std :: codecvt < char32_t , char8_t, std:: mbstate_t >
(since C++20) (deprecated) 		conversion between UTF-32 and UTF-8
std :: codecvt < wchar_t , char , std:: mbstate_t > conversion between the system's native wide and the single-byte narrow character sets

Nested types

Type Definition
intern_type InternT
extern_type ExternT
state_type StateT

Data members

Member Description
std::locale::id id [static] the identifier of the facet

Member functions

constructs a new codecvt facet
(public member function)
invokes do_out
(public member function)
invokes do_in
(public member function)
invokes do_unshift
(public member function)
invokes do_encoding
(public member function)
invokes do_always_noconv
(public member function)
invokes do_length
(public member function)
invokes do_max_length
(public member function)

Protected member functions

destructs a codecvt facet
(protected member function)
[virtual]
converts a string from InternT to ExternT , such as when writing to file
(virtual protected member function)
[virtual]
converts a string from ExternT to InternT , such as when reading from file
(virtual protected member function)
[virtual]
generates the termination character sequence of ExternT characters for incomplete conversion
(virtual protected member function)
[virtual]
returns the number of ExternT characters necessary to produce one InternT character, if constant
(virtual protected member function)
[virtual]
tests if the facet encodes an identity conversion for all valid argument values
(virtual protected member function)
[virtual]
calculates the length of the ExternT string that would be consumed by conversion into given InternT buffer
(virtual protected member function)
[virtual]
returns the maximum number of ExternT characters that could be converted into a single InternT character
(virtual protected member function)

Inherited from std:: codecvt_base

Nested type Definition
enum result { ok, partial, error, noconv } ; Unscoped enumeration type
Enumeration constant Definition
ok conversion was completed with no error
partial not all source characters were converted
error encountered an invalid character
noconv no conversion required, input and output types are the same

Example

The following examples reads a UTF-8 file using a locale which implements UTF-8 conversion in codecvt < wchar_t , char , std:: mbstate_t > and converts a UTF-8 string to UTF-16 using one of the standard specializations of std::codecvt .

Run this code 
#include <codecvt>
#include <cstdint>
#include <fstream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <iostream>
#include <locale>
#include <string>
 
// utility wrapper to adapt locale-bound facets for wstring/wbuffer convert
template<class Facet>
struct deletable_facet : Facet
{
    template<class... Args>
    deletable_facet(Args&&... args) : Facet(std::forward<Args>(args)...) {}
    ~deletable_facet() {}
};
 
int main()
{
    // UTF-8 narrow multibyte encoding
    std::string data = reinterpret_cast<const char*>(+u8"z\u00df\u6c34\U0001f34c");
                       // or reinterpret_cast<const char*>(+u8"zß水🍌")
                       // or "\x7a\xc3\x9f\xe6\xb0\xb4\xf0\x9f\x8d\x8c"
 
    std::ofstream("text.txt") << data;
 
    // using system-supplied locale's codecvt facet
    std::wifstream fin("text.txt");
    // reading from wifstream will use codecvt<wchar_t, char, std::mbstate_t>
    // this locale's codecvt converts UTF-8 to UCS4 (on systems such as Linux)
    fin.imbue(std::locale("en_US.UTF-8"));
    std::cout << "The UTF-8 file contains the following UCS4 code units:\n" << std::hex;
    for (wchar_t c; fin >> c;)
        std::cout << "U+" << std::setw(4) << std::setfill('0')
                  << static_cast<uint32_t>(c) << ' ';
 
    // using standard (locale-independent) codecvt facet
    std::wstring_convert<
        deletable_facet<std::codecvt<char16_t, char, std::mbstate_t>>, char16_t> conv16;
    std::u16string str16 = conv16.from_bytes(data);
 
    std::cout << "\n\nThe UTF-8 file contains the following UTF-16 code units:\n"
              << std::hex;
    for (char16_t c : str16)
        std::cout << "U+" << std::setw(4) << std::setfill('0')
                  << static_cast<uint16_t>(c) << ' ';
    std::cout << '\n';
}

Output: 

The UTF-8 file contains the following UCS4 code units:
U+007a U+00df U+6c34 U+1f34c 
 
The UTF-8 file contains the following UTF-16 code units:
U+007a U+00df U+6c34 U+d83c U+df4c

Defect reports

The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.

DR Applied to Behavior as published Correct behavior
LWG 3767 C++20 std :: codecvt < char16_t , char8_t, std:: mbstate_t > and
std :: codecvt < char32_t , char8_t, std:: mbstate_t > are locale-independent 		deprecated them

See also

Character
conversions 		locale-defined multibyte
(UTF-8, GB18030) 		UTF-8
UTF-16
UTF-16 mbrtoc16 / c16rtomb (with C11's DR488)

codecvt < char16_t , char ,mbstate_t >
codecvt_utf8_utf16 < char16_t >
codecvt_utf8_utf16 < char32_t >
codecvt_utf8_utf16 < wchar_t >

N/A
UCS-2 c16rtomb (without C11's DR488) codecvt_utf8 < char16_t > codecvt_utf16 < char16_t >
UTF-32

mbrtoc32 / c32rtomb

codecvt < char32_t , char ,mbstate_t >
codecvt_utf8 < char32_t >

codecvt_utf16 < char32_t >

system wchar_t :

UTF-32 (non-Windows)
UCS-2 (Windows)

mbsrtowcs / wcsrtombs
use_facet < codecvt
< wchar_t , char ,mbstate_t >> ( locale )

codecvt_utf8 < wchar_t > codecvt_utf16 < wchar_t >
defines character conversion errors
(class)
represents the system-supplied std::codecvt for the named locale
(class template)
(C++11) (deprecated in C++17) (removed in C++26)
converts between UTF-8 and UCS-2/UCS-4
(class template)
(C++11) (deprecated in C++17) (removed in C++26)
converts between UTF-16 and UCS-2/UCS-4
(class template)
(C++11) (deprecated in C++17) (removed in C++26)
converts between UTF-8 and UTF-16
(class template)
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