std:: student_t_distribution

Produces random floating-point values x , distributed according to probability density function:

\(p(x|n) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{n\pi} } \cdot \frac{\Gamma(\frac{n+1}{2})}{\Gamma(\frac{n}{2})} \cdot (1+\frac{x^2}{n})^{-\frac{n+1}{2} } \) p(x|n) =

1

√ nπ

·

Γ( n+1 2 )

Γ( n 2 )

· ⎛
⎜
⎝ 1+

x 2

n

⎞
⎟
⎠ -

n+1

2

where n is known as the number of degrees of freedom . This distribution is used when estimating the mean of an unknown normally distributed value given n + 1 independent measurements, each with additive errors of unknown standard deviation, as in physical measurements. Or, alternatively, when estimating the unknown mean of a normal distribution with unknown standard deviation, given n + 1 samples.

std::student_t_distribution satisfies all requirements of RandomNumberDistribution .

Template parameters

Member types

Member functions

Non-member functions

Example

#include <algorithm>
#include <cmath>
#include <iomanip>
#include <iostream>
#include <map>
#include <random>
#include <vector>
 
template<int Height = 5, int BarWidth = 1, int Padding = 1, int Offset = 0, class Seq>
void draw_vbars(Seq&& s, const bool DrawMinMax = true)
{
    static_assert(0 < Height and 0 < BarWidth and 0 <= Padding and 0 <= Offset);
 
    auto cout_n = [](auto&& v, int n = 1)
    {
        while (n-- > 0)
            std::cout << v;
    };
 
    const auto [min, max] = std::minmax_element(std::cbegin(s), std::cend(s));
 
    std::vector<std::div_t> qr;
    for (typedef decltype(*std::cbegin(s)) V; V e : s)
        qr.push_back(std::div(std::lerp(V(0), 8 * Height,
                                        (e - *min) / (*max - *min)), 8));
 
    for (auto h{Height}; h-- > 0; cout_n('\n'))
    {
        cout_n(' ', Offset);
 
        for (auto dv : qr)
        {
            const auto q{dv.quot}, r{dv.rem};
            unsigned char d[]{0xe2, 0x96, 0x88, 0}; // Full Block: '█'
            q < h ? d[0] = ' ', d[1] = 0 : q == h ? d[2] -= (7 - r) : 0;
            cout_n(d, BarWidth), cout_n(' ', Padding);
        }
 
        if (DrawMinMax && Height > 1)
            Height - 1 == h ? std::cout << "┬ " << *max:
                          h ? std::cout << "│ "
                            : std::cout << "┴ " << *min;
    }
}
 
int main()
{
    std::random_device rd{};
    std::mt19937 gen{rd()};
 
    std::student_t_distribution<> d{10.0f};
 
    const int norm = 10'000;
    const float cutoff = 0.000'3f;
 
    std::map<int, int> hist{};
    for (int n = 0; n != norm; ++n)
        ++hist[std::round(d(gen))];
 
    std::vector<float> bars;
    std::vector<int> indices;
    for (const auto& [n, p] : hist)
        if (float x = p * (1.0f / norm); cutoff < x)
        {
            bars.push_back(x);
            indices.push_back(n);
        }
 
    for (draw_vbars<8, 5>(bars); const int n : indices)
        std::cout << " " << std::setw(2) << n << "   ";
    std::cout << '\n';
}

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External links